Sarcopenia , the age‑related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical performance is increasingly recognised as a major driver of frailty, disability and mortality in older adults and in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Modern antidiabetic therapies such as sodium glucose co‑transporter‑2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor agonists (GLP‑1RAs), including dual GLP‑1/GIP receptor agonists, have become cornerstones of management for T2DM, obesity and cardio‑renal disease. Given the inter‑relationship between metabolic dysfunction, adiposity, inflammation and muscle health, understanding how these pharmacotherapies influence skeletal muscle is of growing clinical importance. This review synthesizes randomized controlled trials, meta‑analyses, mechanistic studies and real‑world data (2020–2025) to evaluate the effects of SGLT2i and GLP‑1/GLP‑1‑GIP agonists on muscle mass, strength, function and sarcopenia risk. We discuss mechanisms, clinical implications and monitoring strategies to preserve muscle health during metabolic therapy.