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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/IJPHRE-RA-26-02

Radiological, Microbiological and Chemical Contaminations Assessment in Water System and Food Products in Nigeria: Implications for Public Health and Environmental Safety

Samaila B 1*, Shehu A.A 2

1 Department of Physics with electronics, Federal University Birnin, PMB 1144, Kebbi Sate

2 Department of Preliminary Studies, Physics Unit, Directorate of Science and Technology Programme, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, PMB 1034, Kebbi State

*Corresponding Author: Samaila B, Department of Physics with electronics, Federal University Birnin, PMB 1144, Kebbi Sate

Citation: Samaila B, Shehu A.A (2026). Radiological, Microbiological and Chemical Contaminations Assessment in Water System and Food Products in Nigeria: Implications for Public Health and Environmental Safety, J International Journal of Public Health Research and Epidemiology. 2(1) 02, DOI: IJPHRE-RA-26-02.

Copyright: Samaila B, et al © (2026). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 01 January 2026 | Accepted: 06 January 2026 | Published: 13 January 2026

Keywords: water contamination; radiological risk; microbial pathogens; heavy metals; cancer &gastrointestinal risks; ecosystem

Abstract

Background: Safe drinking water and uncontaminated food are essential determinants of public health. In Nigeria, rapid urbanization, artisanal mining, agricultural intensification, poor waste management, and weak regulatory enforcement have raised concerns over radiological, heavy metal, and microbial contamination of water and food products. 

Objective: This systematic literature review evaluated the occurrence, sources, spatial patterns, and health risks associated with radionuclides, heavy metals, and microbial contaminants in drinking water and commonly consumed food products across Nigeria. 

Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using major scientific databases. Eligible studies reported measured concentrations of radionuclides, heavy metals, or microbial indicators in water and food matrices within Nigeria. Data were synthesized qualitatively following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with emphasis on contamination levels relative to WHO, UNSCEAR, and FAO safety limits. 

Results: The review reveals widespread contamination of groundwater, surface water, and food products with naturally occurring radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K), toxic metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cr), and pathogenic microorganisms (total coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp.). Elevated concentrations were frequently reported in mining-impacted, industrial, and agricultural regions, particularly in Northern and Southwestern Nigeria. Radiological dose estimates and chemical risk indices in several locations exceeded international safety thresholds, indicating potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. 

Conclusion: The convergence of radiological, chemical, and microbial contamination in Nigeria’s water and food systems represents a significant but under-addressed public health challenge. Evidence highlights substantial regional disparities, data gaps, and inadequate integration of multi-hazard risk assessment frameworks.

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